So, What is Dyslexia Anyway?

Dyslexia is a widely known term that most people have heard of. In fact, it is so common that you likely have many friends and/or family members who are Dyslexic. It is estimated that up to 20% of the population is affected by this frustrating impairment in reading. But, what exactly is it? 

The fundamental definition is simply a difference in the way that the brain processes language. On a scientific level, reading is comparable to a complex system of code. The explanation for dyslexia lies in the disruption of the neural circuits that "crack" the code. For non-dyslexics, the ability to hear individual sounds in words (phonemic awareness) and assign them to letters (phonics) comes quite easily. However, for Dyslexics, this process gets interrupted. This is attributed to the hallmark deficit in phonemic awareness which makes sounds much less distinguishable. For those with severe to profound Dyslexia, it can feel nearly impossible. Add in letters that get easily jumbled, and you have the most commonly diagnosed learning disability not only in reading but in general. Dyslexia makes it difficult not only to decode new words, but also brings trouble with spelling, articulation, word retrieval, and memorization of facts. Someone with Dyslexia may know exactly what they are aiming to communicate, but can get tongue tied or mix up their words. Dyslexia has absolutely nothing to do with intelligence. In fact, Dyslexics are extremely bright individuals who thrive with visual learning. They have above average aptitude for creativity, art and design, problem solving, spacial awareness, and keen interpersonal skills. There are many well known entrepreneurs who are Dyslexic. I always find myself telling my students, "I love the way you think!"

Dyslexia can transfer into other areas of learning as well. The most common comorbidity is ADHD. Many Dyslexics are math whizzes, but some may struggle with the same symbol confusion in numbers, known as Dyscalculia. On the same front, extreme trouble with handwriting is called Dysgraphia. Individuals with Dysgraphia may not be able to easily express their thoughts in written form. Just like difficulty with word retrieval while speaking (lots of "um"s and "uh"s), Dysgraphia poses the challenge of fine motor control in conveying what is meant to be expressed. Traits of Dysgraphia may look like very messy handwriting: uneven letter or number sizing, inconsistent spacing, lots of eraser marks, and a sore hand after using a pen or pencil.

Okay, now that we know what Dyslexia is, we are left with one question...how can it be treated? There is no "cure" for Dyslexia as it is highly genetic and inherited among family members. The good news is, there is much more buzz about Dyslexia these days than what was understood even 10 to 20 years ago. More teachers and parents are being educated about the warning signs and the importance of early intervention. Thankfully, the out-dated belief that reading is a natural ability for every child is on its way out. The thinking behind the whole language approach that originated in the 70's was that exposure to words equated to learning how to read. This philosophy that promoted memorization of whole words is slowly being replaced with phonics (the scientifically proven approach).

I am extremely passionate about dyslexia advocacy and awareness because I have seen first hand how crucial it is to flag Dyslexia early on (typically Kindergarten and First Grade, but even as early as Preschool!) Screening for Dyslexia in early childhood can completely change a child's trajectory for the better. Systematic, explicit, multi-sensory instruction (such as the Orton-Gillingham based programs that I use) are absolutely necessary to teach reading in a way that makes sense for someone with Dyslexia. You know that saying, "you can't teach old dogs new tricks"? Well, that doesn't apply here! Nobody is ever too old to re-learn how to read and spell using a phonics based approach. Teenagers and adults also find great success in this specific type of evidence-based reading instruction. Although, the earlier it is started, the better. 

If you are interested in learning more about Dyslexia, especially if you or someone you know is Dyslexic, I recommend the book Overcoming Dyslexia by Sally Shaywitz. Much of what I know comes from this text as it provides a comprehensive understanding of the roots of Dyslexia, scientific research, case studies, how to fight for legal accommodations in the classroom or workplace, and much more.